1. Type 1 Diabetes :-

• Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes.
• Occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin.
• Typically develops in childhood or adolescence.
• Requires insulin therapy to control blood sugar levels.

2. Type 2 Diabetes :-

• Also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
• Occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin.
• Typically develops in adulthood, especially after the age of 45.
• May be managed through lifestyle changes, oral medications, or insulin therapy.

3. Gestational Diabetes :-

• Develops during pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester.
• Caused by hormonal changes and insulin resistance.
• Typically resolves after pregnancy, but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

4. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults :-

• A form of type 1 diabetes that develops in adults.
• Characterized by a slow progression from insulin resistance to insulin dependence.

5. Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young :-

• A rare form of diabetes caused by genetic mutations.
• Typically develops in young adulthood.

Causes:

• Genetics
• Autoimmune disorders (e.g., type 1 diabetes).
• Insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction (e.g., type 2 diabetes).
• Hormonal changes and insulin resistance (e.g., gestational diabetes).

Risk Factors:-

• Family history of diabetes.
• Obesity.
• Physical inactivity.
• Unhealthy diet.
• Age (risk increases after 45).
• Ethnicity (certain groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, and American Indians, are at higher risk).

Symptoms :-

• Increased thirst and urination
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Slow healing of cuts and wounds
• Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
• Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections

Microvascular Complications:-

• Diabetic retinopathy (blindness)
• Diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)
• Diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage)

Macrovascular Complications:-

• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Peripheral artery disease

Other Complications:-

• Foot ulcers and amputations
• Cognitive impairment and dementia
• Increased risk of infections and poor wound healing

Diagnosis :-

• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test
• Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test
• Random plasma glucose test

Change Your Lifestyle:-

• Healthy diet
• Regular physical activity
• Weight management
• Stress reduction

Medications:-

• Oral hypoglycemic agents (e.g., metformin)
• Insulin therapy
• Injectable medications (e.g., GLP-1 receptor agonists)

Monitoring and Maintenance:-

• Regular blood glucose monitoring
• HbA1c testing
• Foot care and regular check-ups

Primary Prevention:-

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Engage in regular physical activity
• Eat a balanced diet

 Secondary Prevention:-

• Early detection and treatment of diabetes
• Regular monitoring and maintenance to prevent complications